Mass protests increased annually by an average of 11.5 percent from 2009 to 2019 in all regions of the world, with the largest concentration of activity in the Middle East and North Africa, and the fastest rate of growth in sub-Saharan Africa. Analysis of the root causes suggests they could increase in 2020 and beyond. In their paper for the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Samuel Brannen, Christian Stirling Haig and Katherine Schmidt suggest that common grievances overwhelmingly center on perceptions of ineffective governance and corruption. Three potential catalysing factors warrant particular attention: The use of technology by protestors and governments alike, the tension between shifting democratic and authoritarian government types, and the need for improved understanding and responsiveness between governments and their citizens.
https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/200302_MassProtests.pdf?12RON1yFTzCDJUXJekES2kjuyGISdTCX

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